Boron in plants pdf

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Responses of cool season grain legumes to soil abiotic stresses By Susantha Jayasundara. Boron deficiency commonly results in empty pollen grains, poor pollen vitality and a reduced number of flowers per plant. Low B supply can also stunt root growth, as shown in the soybean and canola photos see Picture 1.

Picture 1: Shoot and root growth of soybean and canola plants with low and adequate boron supply courtesy: Y. Ceylan and I. Plant Analysis for Boron. Typically, adequate B levels in dried leaf tissues range from 25 to 75 ppm B, which is a considerable quantity for many crops. Generally, a soil application of B is recommended when leaves contain less than 25 ppm B in high-boron-demanding crops such as alfalfa, sugar beets, potatoes, sunflower, soybeans and canola.

Boron Deficiency Symptoms. Most crops are not able to mobilize B from vegetative tissues to actively growing, meristematic plant tissues such as shoots, root tips, flowers, seeds or fruits. Rather, B transport occurs primarily in the xylem channel, resulting from transpiration. Because of this, deficiency symptoms first develop in newly developed plant tissue such as young leaves and reproductive structures see Picture 2.

Picture 2: Alfalfa plants grown with deficient left and adequate right supply of B fertilization courtesy: A. Yazici and I. Under severe B deficiency, stunted development and death of meristematic growing points are common. Other common reactions include reduced root elongation, failure of flowers to set seeds and fruit abortion.

Low B supply may also adversely affect pollination and seed set, without visible leaf deficiency symptoms. Boron deficiency is highly prevalent in sandy acidic soils with low organic matter, due to the potential for B leaching.

Soils with high adsorption and retention capacity e. In most crops, B shows very poor phloem mobility. Consequently, B in leaf tissue cannot be transported sufficiently into the reproductive organs i.

Because of this poor mobility, keeping soluble B in soil solution during all stages of plant growth, particularly during reproductive growth e.

Environmental Factors Affecting Boron Deficiency. Environmental factors that reduce transpiration, such as high air humidity and low soil moisture, have adverse impacts on xylem transportation of B. Extended periods of drought impede B uptake by reducing root growth, limiting supply of B from organic matter reserves, and by depressing diffusion and transport of B to root surfaces.

Plants under low B supply are more susceptible to damage from high light intensity associated with long and hot, sunny days see Picture 3.

Under B deficiency, use of absorbed light energy in photosynthesis is significantly reduced, leading to an excess amount of energy and potential for leaf damage. Low soil temperature can also reduce root boron uptake. Picture 3: Growth of sunflower plants with sufficient and deficient boron supply under low and high light conditions.

Plants under low boron supply are quickly damaged when exposed to high light intensity courtesy of I. Studies show that adequate B nutrition improves root uptake of phosphorus P and potassium K by maintaining proper function through ATPase activity and structure of root cell membranes.