Cytokines inflammation pdf

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Chemokines and glycoprotein produce pain hypersensitivity by directly exciting primary nociceptive neurons. Impaired neuropathic pain responses in mice lacking the chemokine receptor CCR2.

Glial activation and pathological pain. Neurochem Int. Controlling neuropathic pain by adeno-associated virus driven production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin This action may occur in an autocrine acts on same cell , paracrine acts on nearby cell or endocrine acts on distant cell; not the normal manner for cytokine responses manner.

Receptor engagement triggers intracellular signalling cascades leading to altered gene expression in the target cell, which lead to a biological effect Figure 1.

Differentiation, proliferation and activation of the target cell are all effects which can be detected after cytokine stimulation. The multiple cytokines detected in the extracellular milieu at any given time during an immunological response can interact in pleiotropic different effects on different types of target cells , redundant multiple cytokines have same effect , synergic cooperative effect of multiple cytokines , antagonistic inhibition of one cytokines effects by another and cascade induction multiple-step feed-forward mechanism for the amplified production of a particular cytokine manners.

These interactions make it possible for the coordinated recruitment and activation of an entire network of immune cells by a relatively small number of cytokines produced by a single cell type e. In healthy individuals, cytokine action is regulated by their transient production only in response to either antigen or potent inflammatory stimuli, the short half-life of cytokines in extracellular fluids and compartments, and the restricted receptor expression profiles on the surface of both activated and unactivated target cells, as well as other mechanisms.

Of course, there are examples of cytokine dysregulation which result in pathological disease. Some cytokines act to make disease worse proinflammatory , whereas others serve to reduce inflammation and promote healing anti-inflammatory. Attention also has focused on blocking cytokines, which are harmful to the host, particularly during overwhelming infection. Interleukin IL -1 and tumor necrosis factor TNF are proinflammatory cytokines, and when they are administered to humans, they produce fever, inflammation, tissue destruction, and, in some cases, shock and death.